शब्दसंग्रह विकास (Vocabulary Builder)
स्पर्धा परीक्षांमध्ये इंग्रजी विषयातील 'Vocabulary' (शब्दसंग्रह) हा अत्यंत महत्त्वाचा आणि गुण मिळवून देणारा विभाग आहे. खालील नोट्समध्ये आपण Synonyms (समानार्थी), Antonyms (विरुद्धार्थी), Idioms (वाक्प्रचार), One-Word Substitution (शब्दसमूहाबद्दल एक शब्द), Spelling (अचूक शब्दलेखन) आणि Word Formation (शब्द निर्मिती) यांचा अभ्यास करणार आहोत.
1. Synonyms & Antonyms (समानार्थी आणि विरुद्धार्थी शब्द)
Synonym (समानार्थी): असा शब्द ज्याचा अर्थ दिलेल्या शब्दासारखाच किंवा जवळपास सारखा असतो. Antonym (विरुद्धार्थी): असा शब्द ज्याचा अर्थ दिलेल्या शब्दाच्या नेमका उलट असतो.
खालील तक्त्यामध्ये महत्त्वाचे शब्द, त्यांचे समानार्थी आणि विरुद्धार्थी शब्द दिले आहेत:
| Word (शब्द) | Synonym (समानार्थी) | Antonym (विरुद्धार्थी) |
|---|---|---|
| Abundant (विपुल) | Plentiful, Ample | Scarce, Rare |
| Brave (शूर) | Courageous, Bold, Valiant | Cowardly, Timid |
| Calm (शांत) | Peaceful, Tranquil, Serene | Stormy, Agitated, Excited |
| Diligent (मेहनती) | Hardworking, Industrious | Lazy, Idle |
| Eager (उत्सुक) | Keen, Enthusiastic | Indifferent, Apathetic |
| Frugal (काटकसरी) | Thrifty, Economical | Extravagant, Spendthrift |
| Generous (उदार) | Charitable, Liberal | Stingy, Miserly |
| Honest (प्रामाणिक) | Truthful, Sincere | Dishonest, Deceitful |
| Ancient (प्राचीन) | Old, Primitive | Modern, New |
| Barren (नापीक) | Infertile, Unproductive | Fertile, Productive |
| Concur (सहमत होणे) | Agree, Assent | Differ, Disagree |
| Flexible (लवचिक) | Pliable, Supple | Rigid, Stiff |
| Gloomy (उदास) | Morose, Sullen, Dark | Cheerful, Bright |
| Humble (नम्र) | Modest, Meek | Proud, Arrogant |
| Ignorance (अज्ञान) | Illiteracy, Unawareness | Knowledge, Wisdom |
| Joy (आनंद) | Delight, Happiness, Bliss | Sorrow, Grief, Misery |
| Keen (तीक्ष्ण, उत्सुक) | Sharp, Eager, Acute | Dull, Apathetic |
| Meagre (अल्प) | Scanty, Insufficient | Abundant, Plentiful |
| Obscure (अस्पष्ट) | Vague, Unclear, Hidden | Clear, Obvious, Evident |
| Prudent (शहाणा) | Wise, Cautious, Sensible | Imprudent, Foolish, Reckless |
| Quell (दडपणे) | Suppress, Subdue | Incite, Foment, Agitate |
| Reluctant (अनुत्सुक) | Unwilling, Hesitant | Eager, Willing |
| Sacred (पवित्र) | Holy, Consecrated | Profane, Ungodly |
| Timid (भित्रा) | Shy, Cowardly | Bold, Brave |
| Vague (अस्पष्ट) | Unclear, Indefinite | Clear, Precise, Definite |
| Zeal (उत्साह) | Enthusiasm, Fervour | Apathy, Indifference |
| Accept (स्वीकारणे) | Acknowledge, Admit | Reject, Refuse |
| Acquit (निर्दोष मुक्त करणे) | Absolve, Exonerate | Convict, Condemn |
| Adversity (प्रतिकूलता) | Misfortune, Calamity | Prosperity, Fortune |
| Brittle (ठिसूळ) | Fragile, Breakable | Tough, Unbreakable |
| Cease (थांबणे) | Stop, Discontinue | Start, Begin, Commence |
| Docile (आज्ञाधारक) | Submissive, Gentle | Stubborn, Obstinate |
| Erroneous (चुकीचे) | Incorrect, False | Correct, Accurate |
| Genuine (अस्सल) | Real, Authentic | Fake, Spurious |
| Hazardous (धोकादायक) | Dangerous, Risky | Safe, Secure |
| Lucid (सुस्पष्ट) | Clear, Understandable | Vague, Obscure |
| Naive (भोळा) | Innocent, Unsophisticated | Experienced, Cunning |
| Optimistic (आशावादी) | Hopeful, Positive | Pessimistic, Negative |
| Permanent (कायम) | Lasting, Eternal | Temporary, Fleeting |
| Remote (दूरचे) | Distant, Far-off | Near, Close |
| Tranquil (शांत) | Peaceful, Calm | Disturbed, Agitated |
| Victory (विजय) | Triumph, Success | Defeat, Failure |
| Wisdom (शहाणपण) | Sagacity, Prudence | Folly, Stupidity |
2. Idioms and Phrases (वाक्प्रचार आणि म्हणी)
Idioms (वाक्प्रचार) हे असे शब्दसमूह असतात ज्यांचा शब्दशः अर्थ (literal meaning) नसून एक वेगळा, लाक्षणिक अर्थ (figurative meaning) असतो. परीक्षेमध्ये वाक्प्रचाराचा अर्थ विचारला जातो किंवा वाक्यातील रिकाम्या जागी योग्य वाक्प्रचार वापरायला सांगितला जातो.
1. A piece of cake
- मराठी अर्थ: अत्यंत सोपे काम.
- Example: The English test was a piece of cake for him.
2. To beat around the bush
- मराठी अर्थ: मुख्य मुद्द्यावर न येता फाटे फोडत बोलणे.
- Example: Stop beating around the bush and tell me what really happened.
3. To spill the beans
- मराठी अर्थ: गुपित उघड करणे.
- Example: We were planning a surprise party, but someone spilled the beans.
4. Once in a blue moon
- मराठी अर्थ: क्वचितच घडणारी गोष्ट (ईदचा चाँद).
- Example: He lives abroad, so we see him only once in a blue moon.
5. To break the ice
- मराठी अर्थ: संभाषणाची सुरुवात करणे (विशेषतः अनोळखी व्यक्तींसोबत).
- Example: He told a joke to break the ice at the meeting.
6. To cost an arm and a leg
- मराठी अर्थ: खूप महाग असणे.
- Example: Buying a new car these days costs an arm and a leg.
7. When pigs fly
- मराठी अर्थ: कधीही न घडणारी गोष्ट (अशक्य गोष्ट).
- Example: He will clean his room when pigs fly.
8. To feel under the weather
- मराठी अर्थ: आजारी असणे / बरे वाटत नसणे.
- Example: I am feeling a bit under the weather today, so I won't come to the office.
9. To hit the nail on the head
- मराठी अर्थ: अगदी अचूक/नेमके बोलणे.
- Example: You hit the nail on the head when you said he is lazy.
10. To add fuel to the fire
- मराठी अर्थ: परिस्थिती आणखी बिघडवणे (आगीत तेल ओतणे).
- Example: Shouting at a crying child only adds fuel to the fire.
11. A blessing in disguise
- मराठी अर्थ: सुरुवातीला वाईट वाटणारी पण नंतर फायदेशीर ठरणारी गोष्ट.
- Example: Losing that job was a blessing in disguise as I found a much better one.
12. To bite the bullet
- मराठी अर्थ: कठीण किंवा अप्रिय परिस्थितीचा धैर्याने सामना करणे.
- Example: He had to bite the bullet and accept the pay cut.
13. By the skin of one's teeth
- मराठी अर्थ: अगदी थोडक्यात / कसाबसा (निभावणे).
- Example: He passed the exam by the skin of his teeth.
14. To cut corners
- मराठी अर्थ: पैसे किंवा वेळ वाचवण्यासाठी सोपा/निकृष्ट मार्ग अवलंबणे.
- Example: The company cut corners on safety, which led to the accident.
15. To get cold feet
- मराठी अर्थ: ऐनवेळी घाबरणे / हिम्मत खचणे.
- Example: He was going to ask for a raise, but he got cold feet.
16. To let the cat out of the bag
- मराठी अर्थ: गुपित उघड करणे (To spill the beans सारखेच).
- Example: She let the cat out of the bag about their wedding plans.
17. On cloud nine
- मराठी अर्थ: खूप आनंदी असणे.
- Example: She was on cloud nine after winning the competition.
18. To pull someone's leg
- मराठी अर्थ: एखाद्याची चेष्टा करणे / थट्टा करणे.
- Example: Don't be serious, I was just pulling your leg.
19. To see eye to eye
- मराठी अर्थ: एखाद्याच्या मताशी पूर्णपणे सहमत असणे.
- Example: My father and I don't see eye to eye on politics.
20. To sit on the fence
- मराठी अर्थ: निर्णय न घेणे / कोणतीही एक बाजू न घेणे.
- Example: You can't sit on the fence any longer; you have to choose a side.
21. An apple of one's eye
- मराठी अर्थ: अत्यंत लाडकी/प्रिय व्यक्ती (डोळ्यातील बाहुली).
- Example: His youngest daughter is the apple of his eye.
22. To burn the midnight oil
- मराठी अर्थ: रात्री उशिरापर्यंत जागून अभ्यास/काम करणे.
- Example: He was burning the midnight oil to prepare for the TET exam.
23. A hard nut to crack
- मराठी अर्थ: कठीण समस्या किंवा समजण्यास कठीण व्यक्ती.
- Example: This math problem is a hard nut to crack.
24. To face the music
- मराठी अर्थ: केलेल्या चुकीच्या परिणामांना सामोरे जाणे (शिक्षा भोगणे).
- Example: After breaking the window, he had to go home and face the music.
25. To read between the lines
- मराठी अर्थ: लपलेला/अव्यक्त अर्थ समजून घेणे.
- Example: Her letter seemed happy, but reading between the lines, I could tell something was wrong.
26. A snake in the grass
- मराठी अर्थ: लपलेला शत्रू / विश्वासघातकी मित्र.
- Example: I treated him like a brother, but he turned out to be a snake in the grass.
27. To turn a deaf ear
- मराठी अर्थ: दुर्लक्ष करणे / ऐकून न ऐकल्यासारखे करणे.
- Example: The manager turned a deaf ear to all our complaints.
28. To wash one's dirty linen in public
- मराठी अर्थ: घरातील खाजगी भांडणे चव्हाट्यावर आणणे.
- Example: They should stop washing their dirty linen in public.
29. To fish in troubled waters
- मराठी अर्थ: गोंधळाच्या परिस्थितीचा स्वतःच्या फायद्यासाठी उपयोग करणे.
- Example: During the riots, some people started fishing in troubled waters by looting shops.
30. To kick the bucket
- मराठी अर्थ: मरण पावणे (Died).
- Example: The old man finally kicked the bucket at the age of 90.
3. One-Word Substitution (शब्दसमूहाबद्दल एक शब्द)
अनेक शब्दांच्या समूहाचा अर्थ एका शब्दात सांगणे. हा प्रश्न प्रकार शब्दसंग्रह तपासण्यासाठी वापरला जातो.
A. व्यक्ती (Persons)
| शब्दसमूह (Phrase) | एक शब्द (One Word) |
|---|---|
| One who does not believe in God | Atheist (नास्तिक) |
| One who believes in God | Theist (आस्तिक) |
| One who can speak two languages | Bilingual (द्विभाषिक) |
| One who can speak many languages | Polyglot / Multilingual (बहुभाषिक) |
| One who looks at the bright side of things | Optimist (आशावादी) |
| One who looks at the dark side of things | Pessimist (निराशावादी) |
| One who loves mankind | Philanthropist (मानवतावादी) |
| One who hates mankind | Misanthrope (मानवद्वेष्टा) |
| One who eats human flesh | Cannibal (नरभक्षक) |
| A person who eats only vegetables | Vegetarian (शाकाहारी) |
| A person who eats meat | Non-vegetarian / Carnivorous (मांसाहारी) |
| A person who eats everything | Omnivorous (सर्वभक्षक) |
| One who knows everything | Omniscient (सर्वज्ञ) |
| One who is present everywhere | Omnipresent (सर्वव्यापी) |
| One who is all-powerful | Omnipotent (सर्वशक्तिमान) |
| One who works for free | Volunteer (स्वयंसेवक) |
| A person who is new to a profession | Novice / Beginner / Tyro (नवशिका) |
| A person who has long experience | Veteran (अनुभवी) |
| A person who leaves his country to settle in another | Emigrant (देशत्याग करणारा) |
| A person who comes to one country from another to settle | Immigrant (परदेशातून येऊन स्थायिक) |
B. अभ्यास/शास्त्र (Fields of Study)
| शब्दसमूह (Phrase) | एक शब्द (One Word) |
|---|---|
| The study of human mind | Psychology (मानसशास्त्र) |
| The study of ancient things (like tombs, buried towns) | Archaeology (पुरातत्वशास्त्र) |
| The study of stars and planets | Astronomy (खगोलशास्त्र) |
| The study of living organisms | Biology (जीवशास्त्र) |
| The study of plants | Botany (वनस्पतीशास्त्र) |
| The study of animals | Zoology (प्राणीशास्त्र) |
| The study of earthquakes | Seismology (भूकंपशास्त्र) |
| The study of languages | Philology / Linguistics (भाषाशास्त्र) |
| The study of birds | Ornithology (पक्षीशास्त्र) |
| The study of human evolution/race | Anthropology (मानववंशशास्त्र) |
C. ठिकाणे आणि इतर (Places and Others)
| शब्दसमूह (Phrase) | एक शब्द (One Word) |
|---|---|
| A place where birds are kept | Aviary (पक्षीगृह) |
| A place where bees are kept | Apiary (मधुमक्षिकागृह) |
| A place where fish are kept | Aquarium (मत्स्यालय) |
| A place for keeping historical articles | Museum (संग्रहालय) |
| A place where weapons are kept | Arsenal (शस्त्रागार) |
| Life history written by oneself | Autobiography (आत्मचरित्र) |
| Life history written by someone else | Biography (चरित्र) |
| That which cannot be read | Illegible (वाचता न येण्यासारखे) |
| That which cannot be heard | Inaudible (ऐकू न येण्यासारखे) |
| That which cannot be seen | Invisible (अदृश्य) |
| That which cannot be conquered | Invincible (अजिंक्य) |
| A medicine that kills germs | Germicide / Antibiotic (जंतुनाशक) |
| A remedy for all diseases | Panacea (रामबाण उपाय) |
| A government by the people | Democracy (लोकशाही) |
| A government by one person | Autocracy / Dictatorship (हुकूमशाही) |
| A government by officials | Bureaucracy (नोकरशाही) |
| One who is liable to make mistakes | Fallible (चूक करणारा) |
| One who does not make mistakes | Infallible (चूक न करणारा) |
| That which will surely happen | Inevitable (अपरिहार्य / अटळ) |
4. Spelling Correction (अचूक स्पेलिंग)
परीक्षेमध्ये 'Find the correctly spelt word' किंवा 'Find the incorrectly spelt word' अशा प्रकारचे प्रश्न येतात. यासाठी सराव करणे महत्त्वाचे आहे. काही सामान्य नियम आणि वारंवार चुकणारे शब्द (Commonly Misspelt Words) पाहू.
काही महत्त्वाचे नियम (Spelling Rules):
-
'i' before 'e' Rule: सामान्यतः 'i' हे 'e' च्या आधी येते. उदा. Believe, Chief, Field, Piece. अपवाद: जर 'c' नंतर येत असेल, तर 'e' आधी येते. उदा. Receive, Deceive, Ceiling.
-
Silent 'e' Rule: जर शब्द 'e' ने संपत असेल आणि त्याला Vowel (स्वर) ने सुरू होणारा Suffix (प्रत्यय) लावायचा असेल, तर 'e' काढून टाका.
- Hope + ing = Hoping (E काढला)
- Move + able = Movable (E काढला)
- Hope + ful = Hopeful
- Arrange + ment = Arrangement
-
Doubling Consonants Rule: जर शब्द CVC (Consonant-Vowel-Consonant) ने संपत असेल, तर Suffix लावताना शेवटचे Consonant दुप्पट (double) होते.
- Run + ing = Running (CVC: r-u-n)
- Stop + ed = Stopped (CVC: t-o-p)
- Begin + ing = Beginning (CVC: g-i-n)
वारंवार चुकणारे शब्द (Commonly Misspelt Words)
खालील तक्त्यात चुकीचे आणि बरोबर स्पेलिंग दिले आहे. बरोबर स्पेलिंगवर लक्ष केंद्रित करा.
| चूक (Incorrect) | बरोबर (Correct) |
|---|---|
| Accomodate | Accommodate (दोन 'c', दोन 'm') |
| Beleive | Believe |
| Committe / Comittee | Committee (दोन 'm', दोन 't', दोन 'e') |
| Grammer | Grammar (शेवटी 'ar') |
| Necessery | Necessary (एक 'c', दोन 's') |
| Occassion | Occasion (दोन 'c', एक 's') |
| Separate | Separate (मध्ये 'par' नाही, 'parate' आहे) |
| Tution | Tuition (Tu + ition) |
| Vaccume | Vacuum (एक 'v', दोन 'u') |
| Embarass | Embarrass (दोन 'r', दोन 's') |
| Harrass | Harass (एक 'r', दोन 's') |
| Millenium | Millennium (दोन 'l', दोन 'n') |
| Profesional | Professional (एक 'f', दोन 's') |
| Questionaire | Questionnaire (दोन 'n') |
| Recieve | Receive ('c' नंतर 'ei') |
| Tommorrow | Tomorrow (एक 'm', दोन 'r') |
| Address | Address (दोन 'd', दोन 's') |
| Begining | Beginning (दोन 'n') |
| Definately | Definitely (finite शब्द लक्षात ठेवा) |
| Argument | Argument (Argue मधला 'e' निघून जातो) |
| Existance | Existence (शेवटी 'ence') |
| Fourty | Forty ('u' नसतो) |
| Maintainance | Maintenance (Main + ten + ance) |
| Guarantee | Guarantee |
| Lietuenant | Lieutenant |
| Mischeivous | Mischievous |
5. Word Formation (शब्द निर्मिती: Prefix & Suffix)
मूळ शब्दाला (Root Word) उपसर्ग (Prefix) किंवा प्रत्यय (Suffix) लावून नवीन शब्द तयार करता येतात. यामुळे शब्दाचा अर्थ बदलतो किंवा शब्दाची जात (Part of Speech) बदलते.
A. Prefix (उपसर्ग)
Prefix हा मूळ शब्दाच्या आधी लागतो. तो सामान्यतः शब्दाचा अर्थ बदलतो (उदा. विरुद्धार्थी करतो).
| Prefix | अर्थ (Meaning) | उदाहरणे (Examples) |
|---|---|---|
| un- | Not / Opposite (विरुद्ध) | unhappy, unable, unlock |
| in-, im-, il-, ir- | Not / Opposite (विरुद्ध) | incorrect, impossible, illegal, irregular |
| dis- | Not / Opposite (विरुद्ध) | dislike, disagree, dishonest |
| re- | Again (पुन्हा) | redo, rewrite, reappear |
| pre- | Before (आधी) | preview, prefix, prepare |
| post- | After (नंतर) | postpone, postwar, postscript |
| mis- | Wrongly (चुकीने) | misunderstand, misspell, misbehave |
| sub- | Under (खाली) | submarine, subway, subtract |
| co- | With (सोबत) | co-operate, co-worker, co-exist |
B. Suffix (प्रत्यय)
Suffix हा मूळ शब्दाच्या नंतर लागतो. तो सामान्यतः शब्दाची जात (Part of Speech) बदलतो. (उदा. Noun पासून Adjective, Verb पासून Noun).
1. Noun बनवणारे Suffixes (Noun-forming Suffixes):
| Suffix | मूळ शब्द (Root) | नवीन Noun |
|---|---|---|
| -ness | Happy (Adjective) | Happiness |
| -ment | Govern (Verb) | Government |
| -ion / -tion | Act (Verb) | Action |
| -ance / -ence | Import (Verb) / Differ (Verb) | Importance / Difference |
| -er / -or | Teach (Verb) / Act (Verb) | Teacher / Actor |
2. Adjective बनवणारे Suffixes (Adjective-forming Suffixes):
| Suffix | मूळ शब्द (Root) | नवीन Adjective |
|---|---|---|
| -ful | Beauty (Noun) / Hope (Noun) | Beautiful / Hopeful |
| -less | Hope (Noun) / Use (Noun) | Hopeless / Useless |
| -ous | Danger (Noun) / Fame (Noun) | Dangerous / Famous |
| -al | Nation (Noun) | National |
| -y | Sun (Noun) / Rain (Noun) | Sunny / Rainy |
3. Adverb बनवणारे Suffixes (Adverb-forming Suffixes):
| Suffix | मूळ शब्द (Root) | नवीन Adverb |
|---|---|---|
| -ly | Slow (Adjective) / Quick (Adjective) | Slowly / Quickly |
