भाग १: Active Voice आणि Passive Voice (प्रयोग बदल)
१. संकल्पना (Concept)
Active Voice (AV) - कर्तरी प्रयोग:
या प्रकारात वाक्याचा कर्ता (Subject) महत्त्वाचा असतो व तो स्वतः क्रिया (Action) करतो.
वाक्याची रचना:
Subject + Verb + Object(कर्ता + क्रियापद + कर्म).उदाहरण:
Ravi writes a letter.(रवी पत्र लिहितो.)(इथे 'रवी' हा कर्ता आहे आणि तो 'लिहिण्याची' क्रिया करत आहे.)
Passive Voice (PV) - कर्मणी प्रयोग:
या प्रकारात वाक्यातील कर्म (Object) महत्त्वाचे असते. कर्त्यापेक्षा क्रियेवर किंवा कर्मावर जास्त भर दिला जातो.
वाक्याची रचना:
Object + Helping Verb + V3 + by + Subject(कर्म + सहाय्यक क्रियापद + क्रियापदाचे तिसरे रूप + by + कर्ता).उदाहरण:
A letter is written by Ravi.(पत्र रवीकडून लिहिले जाते.)(इथे 'पत्र' हे कर्म महत्त्वाचे आहे.)
Passive Voice कधी वापरावे?
जेव्हा क्रिया करणारा (कर्ता) माहीत नसेल:
My pen was stolen.(माझा पेन चोरीला गेला - कोणी चोरला माहीत नाही.)जेव्हा कर्त्यापेक्षा कर्म जास्त महत्त्वाचे असेल:
The result will be declared tomorrow.(निकाल उद्या जाहीर होईल - कोण जाहीर करेल यापेक्षा 'निकाल' महत्त्वाचा आहे.)
२. Active Voice (AV) चे Passive Voice (PV) मध्ये रूपांतर करण्याचे सामान्य नियम
AV मधील कर्माची (Object) जागा PV मध्ये कर्ता (Subject) घेतो.
AV मधील कर्त्याची (Subject) जागा PV मध्ये कर्म (Object) घेतो आणि त्याच्या आधी बहुतांश वेळा
byहे preposition लागते.Passive Voice मध्ये मुख्य क्रियापदाचे (Main Verb) चे नेहमी तिसरे रूप (V3 - Past Participle) वापरले जाते.
वाक्याच्या काळानुसार (Tense) आणि नवीन कर्त्याच्या (Object) वचन (Singular/Plural) नुसार 'To Be' चे योग्य रूप (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been) V3 च्या आधी वापरले जाते.
३. काळानुसार (Tense) रूपांतरणाचे नियम व सूत्रे (Formulas)
१. साधा वर्तमान काळ (Simple Present Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + V1 (s/es) + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + am/is/are + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
She sings a song.PV Example:
A song is sung by her.AV Example (Plural):
They play cricket.PV Example (Plural):
Cricket is played by them.
२. चालू वर्तमान काळ (Present Continuous Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + am/is/are + V1-ing + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + am/is/are + being + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
He is writing a book.PV Example:
A book is being written by him.AV Example (Plural):
We are watching a movie.PV Example (Plural):
A movie is being watched by us.
३. पूर्ण वर्तमान काळ (Present Perfect Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + has/have + V3 + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + has/have + been + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
She has finished the work.PV Example:
The work has been finished by her.AV Example (Plural):
They have built a bridge.PV Example (Plural):
A bridge has been built by them.
४. साधा भूतकाळ (Simple Past Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + V2 + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + was/were + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
He broke the window.PV Example:
The window was broken by him.AV Example (Plural):
The police caught the thieves.PV Example (Plural):
The thieves were caught by the police.
५. चालू भूतकाळ (Past Continuous Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + was/were + V1-ing + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + was/were + being + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
The teacher was teaching a lesson.PV Example:
A lesson was being taught by the teacher.AV Example (Plural):
She was helping the poor children.PV Example (Plural):
The poor children were being helped by her.
६. पूर्ण भूतकाळ (Past Perfect Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + had + V3 + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + had + been + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
He had received the letter.PV Example:
The letter had been received by him.
७. साधा भविष्यकाळ (Simple Future Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + will/shall + V1 + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + will/shall + be + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
I will complete the project.PV Example:
The project will be completed by me.
८. पूर्ण भविष्यकाळ (Future Perfect Tense)
AV Formula:
Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + will/shall + have + been + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
She will have posted the letters.PV Example:
The letters will have been posted by her.
टीप: सामान्यतः Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous आणि Future Perfect Continuous या काळांचे Passive Voice केले जात नाही.
९. Modal Auxiliaries (can, could, should, must, may, might, would)
AV Formula:
Subject + Modal + V1 + ObjectPV Formula:
Object + Modal + be + V3 + by + SubjectAV Example:
You must follow the rules.PV Example:
The rules must be followed by you.AV Example:
He can solve this puzzle.PV Example:
This puzzle can be solved by him.
४. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्यांचे रूपांतर (Interrogative Sentences)
नियम: प्रश्नार्थक वाक्याचे PV करताना, वाक्य सहाय्यक क्रियापदानेच (Helping Verb) सुरू होते.
१. Yes/No Questions (ज्याची सुरुवात H.V. ने होते):
AV Formula:
Helping Verb + Subject + Verb + Object?PV Formula:
Helping Verb (new) + Object + V3 + by + Subject?AV Example:
Does he write a letter?(Simple Present)PV Example:
Is a letter written by him?AV Example:
Are you reading a book?(Present Continuous)PV Example:
Is a book being read by you?AV Example:
Did she break the glass?(Simple Past)PV Example:
Was the glass broken by her?AV Example:
Will you help me?(Simple Future)PV Example:
Will I be helped by you?
२. WH- Questions (What, Why, When, Where, How):
नियम:
WH-शब्द वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीला तसाच राहतो.AV Example:
Why did you beat him?PV Example:
Why was he beaten by you?AV Example:
What are you doing?PV Example:
What is being done by you?
३. 'Who' ने सुरू होणारे प्रश्न (Special Case):
नियम:
Whoचे रूपांतरBy whomमध्ये होते आणि ते वाक्याच्या सुरुवातीला येते.AV Example:
Who wrote this book?(Simple Past)PV Example:
By whom was this book written?AV Example:
Who teaches you English?(Simple Present)PV Example:
By whom are you taught English?
५. आज्ञार्थी वाक्यांचे रूपांतर (Imperative Sentences)
आज्ञार्थी वाक्यांमध्ये
Order(आज्ञा),Request(विनंती),Advice(सल्ला) किंवाCommand(हुकूम) असतो.
१. Order/Command (आज्ञा/हुकूम):
नियम: वाक्य
Letने सुरू करा.PV Formula:
Let + Object + be + V3AV Example:
Open the door.PV Example:
Let the door be opened.AV Example:
Shut the window.PV Example:
Let the window be shut.
२. Request (विनंती - Please/Kindly):
नियम:
Please/Kindlyकाढून टाका आणि वाक्याची सुरुवातYou are requested to...ने करा.AV Example:
Please help me.PV Example:
You are requested to help me.AV Example:
Kindly grant me leave.PV Example:
You are requested to grant me leave.
३. Advice (सल्ला):
नियम: कर्म (Object) सुरुवातीला घ्या आणि
should beचा वापर करा.PV Formula:
Object + should be + V3AV Example:
Respect your elders.PV Example:
Your elders should be respected.AV Example:
Help the poor.PV Example:
The poor should be helped.
भाग २: Direct आणि Indirect Speech (प्रत्यक्ष व अप्रत्यक्ष कथन)
१. संकल्पना (Concept)
Direct Speech (DS) - प्रत्यक्ष कथन:
बोलणाऱ्या व्यक्तीचे शब्द जसेच्या तसे, दुहेरी अवतरण चिन्हांमध्ये ("...") मांडणे.
उदाहरण:
He said, "I am busy."(तो म्हणाला, "मी व्यस्त आहे.")यात दोन भाग असतात:
Reporting Verb (RV):He saidReported Speech (RS):"I am busy."
Indirect Speech (IS) - अप्रत्यक्ष कथन:
बोलणाऱ्या व्यक्तीच्या शब्दांचा सारांश किंवा अर्थ सांगणे, अवतरण चिन्हे काढून टाकून.
उदाहरण:
He said that he was busy.(तो म्हणाला की तो व्यस्त होता.)
२. Direct (DS) चे Indirect (IS) मध्ये रूपांतर करण्याचे सामान्य नियम
Reporting Verb (RV) मध्ये बदल:
said toचेtold(विधानार्थी),asked(प्रश्नार्थक) किंवाordered/requested(आज्ञार्थी) होते. नुसतेsaidअसेल तर ते बऱ्याचदाsaidअसेच राहते.अवतरण चिन्हे ("...") काढून टाकणे.
Conjunction (उभयान्वयी अव्यय) वापरणे: दोन वाक्ये जोडण्यासाठी
that,if,whetherकिंवाtoचा वापर करणे.सर्वनामांमध्ये (Pronouns) बदल करणे.
काळांमध्ये (Tenses) बदल करणे (Backshift).
वेळ आणि स्थळ दर्शक शब्दांमध्ये (Time/Place words) बदल करणे.
३. सविस्तर नियम (Detailed Rules)
नियम १: Reporting Verb (RV) आणि Tense Backshift
सर्वात महत्त्वाचा नियम:
जर Reporting Verb (उदा.
says,will say) वर्तमान (Present) किंवा भविष्य (Future) काळात असेल, तर Reported Speech (अवतरण चिन्हातील वाक्य) च्या काळात (Tense) कोणताही बदल होत नाही.DS:
He says, "I am ill."IS:
He says that he is ill.(काळ बदलला नाही)DS:
She will say, "I have passed the exam."IS:
She will say that she has passed the exam.(काळ बदलला नाही)
जर Reporting Verb (उदा.
said) भूतकाळात (Past Tense) असेल, तरच Reported Speech च्या काळात खालीलप्रमाणे बदल (Backshift) होतो.
नियम २: सर्वनामांमधील बदल (Change in Pronouns)
First Person (प्रथम पुरुष - I, we, me, us, my, our):
हे Reporting Verb (RV) च्या कर्त्यानुसार (Subject) बदलते.
DS:
He said, "I am doing my work."IS:
He said that he was doing his work.(I->heप्रमाणेhe;my->heप्रमाणेhis)
Second Person (द्वितीय पुरुष - You, your):
हे Reporting Verb (RV) च्या कर्मानुसार (Object) बदलते.
DS:
She said to me, "You look happy."IS:
She told me that I looked happy.(You->meप्रमाणेI)DS:
He said to her, "Your dress is nice."IS:
He told her that her dress was nice.(Your->herप्रमाणेher)
Third Person (तृतीय पुरुष - He, she, it, they, his, her, their):
कोणताही बदल होत नाही (No Change).
DS:
I said, "He is a good boy."IS:
I said that he was a good boy.
नियम ३: काळातील बदल (Change in Tenses - Backshift)
(फक्त जेव्हा RV भूतकाळात (said) असेल तेव्हा)
Simple Present -> Simple Past
DS:
He said, "I write a letter."(V1)IS:
He said that he wrote a letter.(V2)
Present Continuous -> Past Continuous
DS:
She said, "It is raining."(is + ing)IS:
She said that it was raining.(was + ing)
Present Perfect -> Past Perfect
DS:
They said, "We have won the match."(have + V3)IS:
They said that they had won the match.(had + V3)
Simple Past -> Past Perfect
DS:
He said, "I bought a car yesterday."(V2)IS:
He said that he had bought a car the previous day.(had + V3)
Past Continuous -> Past Perfect Continuous
DS:
She said, "I was waiting for you."IS:
She said that she had been waiting for me.
Past Perfect -> No Change (बदल होत नाही)
DS:
He said, "I had already finished."IS:
He said that he had already finished.
Modals मध्ये बदल:
will/shall->wouldcan->couldmay->mightmust->had to(किंवाmustजर सार्वत्रिक नियम असेल)DS:
He said, "I will go to Pune."IS:
He said that he would go to Pune.
अपवाद (Exception): Universal Truth (त्रिकालाबाधित सत्य)
जर Reported Speech मध्ये एखादे सार्वत्रिक सत्य (Universal Truth), वैज्ञानिक नियम किंवा सवय (Habitual fact) असेल, तर RV भूतकाळात असूनही काळात बदल होत नाही.
DS:
The teacher said, "The Earth moves round the Sun."IS:
The teacher said that the Earth moves round the Sun.(काळ बदलला नाही)DS:
He said, "Honesty is the best policy."IS:
He said that honesty is the best policy.
नियम ४: वेळ आणि स्थळ दर्शक शब्दांतील बदल (Changes in Time/Place words)
| Direct Speech (DS) | Indirect Speech (IS) |
now | then |
today | that day |
tonight | that night |
yesterday | the previous day OR the day before |
tomorrow | the next day OR the following day |
last week/month | the previous week/month |
next week/month | the following week/month |
ago | before |
here | there |
this | that |
these | those |
४. वाक्यांच्या प्रकारानुसार बदल (Changes as per Sentence Type)
१. विधानार्थी वाक्ये (Assertive Sentences)
Reporting Verb:
said to->told. (जर object नसेल, तरsaidचेsaidराहते).Conjunction:
thatDS:
Ram said to me, "I am playing cricket now."IS:
Ram told me that he was playing cricket then.DS:
She said, "I bought a pen yesterday."IS:
She said that she had bought a pen the previous day.
२. प्रश्नार्थक वाक्ये (Interrogative Sentences)
Reporting Verb:
said/said to->asked(किंवाenquired).वाक्यरचना: प्रश्नार्थक (Interrogative) वाक्यरचना बदलून विधानार्थी (Assertive) होते (म्हणजे कर्ता क्रियापदाच्या आधी येतो). प्रश्नचिन्ह (?) निघून जाते.
A) Yes/No Questions (ज्याची सुरुवात H.V. ने होते):
Conjunction:
if(किंवाwhether).DS:
He said to me, "Are you coming?"IS:
He asked me if I was coming.(...'was I coming?' असे नाही.)DS:
She said to him, "Do you like coffee?"(Simple Present)IS:
She asked him if he liked coffee.(Simple Past)
B) WH- Questions (What, Why, When, Where...):
Conjunction: तोच
WH-शब्द (Nothat,if).DS:
The teacher said to the student, "What is your name?"IS:
The teacher asked the student what his name was.DS:
He said to me, "Where do you live?"IS:
He asked me where I lived.
३. आज्ञार्थी वाक्ये (Imperative Sentences)
Reporting Verb: वाक्याच्या भावार्थानुसार (Tone)
ordered,commanded(आज्ञा),requested(विनंती),advised(सल्ला),warned(इशारा)asked(सांगितले) असे बदलते.Conjunction:
to(होकारार्थी वाक्यासाठी) किंवाnot to(नकारार्थी वाक्यासाठी - Don't).Order/Advice:
DS:
The doctor said to the patient, "Take medicines on time."(Advice)IS:
The doctor advised the patient to take medicines on time.DS:
The officer said to the soldier, "Fire!"(Command)IS:
The officer commanded the soldier to fire.
Negative (Don't):
DS:
The mother said to the child, "Don't play in the sun."(Advice/Warning)IS:
The mother advised/warned the child not to play in the sun.
Request (Please/Kindly):
DS:
The student said to the teacher, "Please explain this topic again."(Request)IS:
The student requested the teacher to explain that topic again.
४. उद्गारवाचक वाक्ये (Exclamatory Sentences)
Reporting Verb:
exclaimed with joy(आनंद),exclaimed with sorrow(दुःख),exclaimed with wonder/surprise(आश्चर्य) असे बदलते.Conjunction:
thatउद्गारवाचक वाक्य विधानार्थी वाक्यात बदलते.
DS:
He said, "Alas! I am ruined."IS:
He exclaimed with sorrow that he was ruined.DS:
The team said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."IS:
The team exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.DS:
She said, "What a beautiful sight!"IS:
She exclaimed with wonder that it was a very beautiful sight.
५. 'Let' ने सुरू होणारी वाक्ये (Let)
Suggestion/Proposal (सूचना/प्रस्ताव - Let's):
RV:
suggested(orproposed).IS:
...suggested that they should...DS:
He said, "Let's go for a movie."IS:
He suggested that they should go for a movie.
Permission (परवानगी):
RV:
requested.DS:
He said, "Let me go home."IS:
He requested to let him go home.ORHe requested that he might be allowed to go home.
