I. वर्तमान काळ (PRESENT TENSE)
१. साधा वर्तमान काळ (Simple Present Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
रोजच्या सवयी (Daily Habits) - उदा. I drink tea every morning.
त्रिकालाबाधित सत्य (Universal Truths) - उदा. The sun rises in the east.
नेहमी घडणाऱ्या क्रिया (Regular Actions) - उदा. He goes to the office.
वैज्ञानिक सिद्धांत (Scientific Facts) - उदा. Water boils at 100°C.
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + V1 (s/es) + Object$
महत्त्वाचा नियम: जर कर्ता (Subject) 'He, She, It' किंवा 'एकवचनी नाम' (उदा. Ram, The boy) असेल, तर क्रियापदाला $s$ किंवा $es$ प्रत्यय लागतो.
जर कर्ता 'I, We, You, They' किंवा 'अनेकवचनी नाम' (उदा. Boys) असेल, तर क्रियापदाचे मूळ रूप (V1) वापरतात.
उदा:
I write a letter. (V1)
He writes a letter. (V1+s)
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + do/does + not + V1 + Object$
'He, She, It' साठी 'does not' (doesn't).
'I, We, You, They' साठी 'do not' (don't).
टीप: 'does not' वापरल्यावर क्रियापदाचा $s/es$ निघून जातो व V1 वापरतात.
उदा:
I do not write a letter.
He does not write a letter. (He does not writes... हे चूक आहे)
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Do/Does + Subject + V1 + Object?$
उदा:
Do I write a letter?
Does he write a letter?
२. चालू/अपूर्ण वर्तमान काळ (Present Continuous Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
सध्या, बोलण्याच्या क्षणी चालू असलेली क्रिया. (Action happening now).
ओळख: वाक्यात $now, at present, at this moment$ असे शब्द असू शकतात.
उदा: I am teaching now. You are reading this.
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + am/is/are + V4 (V1+ing) + Object$
'I' सोबत $am$.
'He, She, It, एकवचनी नाम' सोबत $is$.
'We, You, They, अनेकवचनी नाम' सोबत $are$.
उदा:
I am writing a letter.
He is writing a letter.
They are writing a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + am/is/are + not + V4 (V1+ing) + Object$
उदा: He is not (isn't) writing a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Am/Is/Are + Subject + V4 (V1+ing) + Object?$
उदा: Is he writing a letter?
३. पूर्ण वर्तमान काळ (Present Perfect Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
क्रिया नुकतीच पूर्ण झाली आहे, तिचा परिणाम अजून जाणवतो. (Action just completed).
ओळख: वाक्यात $just, already, recently, yet$ असे शब्द असू शकतात.
उदा: I have just finished my lunch. (माझे जेवण नुकतेच संपले आहे).
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + has/have + V3 (Past Participle) + Object$
'He, She, It, एकवचनी नाम' सोबत $has$.
'I, We, You, They, अनेकवचनी नाम' सोबत $have$.
उदा:
I have written a letter.
He has written a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + has/have + not + V3 + Object$
उदा: He has not (hasn't) written a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Has/Have + Subject + V3 + Object?$
उदा: Has he written a letter?
४. पूर्ण चालू वर्तमान काळ (Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
क्रिया भूतकाळात सुरू झाली आणि (बोलण्याच्या क्षणी) अजूनही चालूच आहे. (Action started in the past and is still continuing).
महत्त्वाचा नियम: यात क्रियेचा कालावधी (duration) किंवा सुरुवातीची वेळ (point of time) दिलेली असते.
Since: क्रियेची निश्चित सुरुवात (Point of time) - उदा. $since 8 AM, since Monday, since 2010$.
For: क्रियेचा कालावधी (Period of time) - उदा. $for two hours, for three days, for many years$.
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + has/have + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object + (since/for + time)$
उदा:
I have been writing a letter for an hour.
He has been writing a letter since morning.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + has/have + not + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object...$
उदा: He has not been writing since morning.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Has/Have + Subject + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object...?$
उदा: Has he been writing since morning?
II. भूतकाळ (PAST TENSE)
५. साधा भूतकाळ (Simple Past Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भूतकाळात एका विशिष्ट वेळी क्रिया घडली व संपली. (Action completed in the past at a specific time).
ओळख: वाक्यात $yesterday, last week, ago, in 2005$ असे शब्द असतात.
उदा: I met him yesterday.
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + V2 (Past Tense form) + Object$
टीप: हा एकमेव काळ आहे ज्यात V2 (क्रियापदाचे दुसरे रूप) वापरले जाते (फक्त होकारार्थी वाक्यात).
उदा:
I wrote a letter.
He wrote a letter. (कर्त्यानुसार V2 बदलत नाही).
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + did + not + V1 + Object$
महत्त्वाची टीप (TET साठी): 'did not' (didn't) वापरल्यावर V2 चे V1 (मूळ रूप) होते.
उदा:
I did not write a letter. (I did not wrote... हे चूक आहे).
He did not write a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Did + Subject + V1 + Object?$
उदा: Did he write a letter?
६. चालू/अपूर्ण भूतकाळ (Past Continuous Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भूतकाळात एका विशिष्ट वेळी क्रिया चालू होती. (Action was in progress at a specific time in the past).
उदा: I was watching TV when he came. (तो आला तेव्हा मी टीव्ही पाहत होतो).
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + was/were + V4 (V1+ing) + Object$
'I, He, She, It, एकवचनी नाम' सोबत $was$.
'We, You, They, अनेकवचनी नाम' सोबत $were$.
उदा:
I was writing a letter.
He was writing a letter.
They were writing a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + was/were + not + V4 (V1+ing) + Object$
उदा: They were not (weren't) writing a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Was/Were + Subject + V4 (V1+ing) + Object?$
उदा: Was he writing a letter?
७. पूर्ण भूतकाळ (Past Perfect Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भूतकाळातील दोन क्रियांपैकी जी क्रिया 'आधी' घडली, ती दाखवण्यासाठी. (To show which of the two past actions happened first).
उदा: The patient had died (पहिली क्रिया) before the doctor came (दुसरी क्रिया - Simple Past).
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + had + V3 + Object$
टीप: सर्व कर्त्यांसोबत $had$ वापरतात.
उदा: He had written a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + had + not + V3 + Object$
उदा: He had not (hadn't) written a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Had + Subject + V3 + Object?$
उदा: Had he written a letter?
८. पूर्ण चालू भूतकाळ (Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भूतकाळात एखादी क्रिया सुरू झाली, काही काळ चालू होती आणि भूतकाळातील दुसऱ्या क्रियेपूर्वी संपली किंवा चालू होती.
उदा: He had been working for two hours when his boss arrived. (बॉस आला, तेव्हा तो दोन तासांपासून काम करत होता).
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + had + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object + (since/for + time)$
उदा: He had been writing a letter for an hour.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + had + not + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object...$
उदा: He had not been writing for an hour.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Had + Subject + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object...?$
उदा: Had he been writing for an hour?
III. भविष्य काळ (FUTURE TENSE)
९. साधा भविष्य काळ (Simple Future Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भविष्यात घडणारी क्रिया सांगण्यासाठी. (Action that will happen in the future).
उदा: I will meet you tomorrow.
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object$
पारंपारिक नियम: 'I' आणि 'We' सोबत $shall$; इतर सर्वांसोबत $will$.
आधुनिक नियम: सर्व कर्त्यांसोबत $will$ वापरणे सामान्य आहे.
उदा:
I shall/will write a letter.
He will write a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + will/shall + not + V1 + Object$
$will not = won't$
$shall not = shan't$
उदा: He will not (won't) write a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Will/Shall + Subject + V1 + Object?$
उदा: Will he write a letter?
१०. चालू/अपूर्ण भविष्य काळ (Future Continuous Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भविष्यात एका विशिष्ट वेळी क्रिया चालू असेल. (Action will be in progress at a specific time in the future).
उदा: Tomorrow at 10 AM, I will be travelling to Pune.
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + will/shall + be + V4 (V1+ing) + Object$
उदा: He will be writing a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + will/shall + not + be + V4 (V1+ing) + Object$
उदा: He will not be writing a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Will/Shall + Subject + be + V4 (V1+ing) + Object?$
उदा: Will he be writing a letter?
११. पूर्ण भविष्य काळ (Future Perfect Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भविष्यात एका विशिष्ट वेळेपर्यंत क्रिया पूर्ण झालेली असेल. (Action will be completed by a specific time in the future).
ओळख: $by this time, by tomorrow, by 5 PM$ असे शब्द.
उदा: I will have finished my work by 6 PM. (संध्याकाळी ६ वाजेपर्यंत माझे काम संपलेले असेल).
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + Object$
उदा: He will have written a letter.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + will/shall + not + have + V3 + Object$
उदा: He will not have written a letter.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Will/Shall + Subject + have + V3 + Object?$
उदा: Will he have written a letter?
१२. पूर्ण चालू भविष्य काळ (Future Perfect Continuous Tense)
उपयोग (Use):
भविष्यात एखादी क्रिया सुरू होऊन, भविष्यातील विशिष्ट वेळेपर्यंत ती काही काळासाठी चालू राहिलेली असेल. (Action will be in progress for some time before a point in the future).
उदा: By 2025, we will have been living in this city for 10 years. (२०२५ साली, आम्ही या शहरात १० वर्षांपासून राहत असू).
रचना (Structure) - होकारार्थी:
$Subject + will/shall + have + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object + (for + time)$
उदा: He will have been writing a letter for an hour.
रचना (Structure) - नकारार्थी (Negative):
$Subject + will/shall + not + have + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object...$
उदा: He will not have been writing for an hour.
रचना (Structure) - प्रश्नार्थी (Interrogative):
$Will/Shall + Subject + have + been + V4 (V1+ing) + Object...?$
उदा: Will he have been writing for an hour?
पॉइंट २: संपूर्ण Tense Chart (एका दृष्टिक्षेपात)
| Tense (काळ) | Time | Structure (रचना) | Example (उदाहरण) |
| 1. Simple Present | Present | $Subject + V1 (s/es) + Object$ | He writes. I write. |
| 2. Present Continuous | Present | $Subject + am/is/are + V4 (ing) + Object$ | He is writing. |
| 3. Present Perfect | Present | $Subject + has/have + V3 + Object$ | He has written. |
| 4. Present Perfect Continuous | Present | $Subject + has/have + been + V4 (ing) + ...$ | He has been writing. |
| 5. Simple Past | Past | $Subject + V2 + Object$ | He wrote. |
| 6. Past Continuous | Past | $Subject + was/were + V4 (ing) + Object$ | He was writing. |
| 7. Past Perfect | Past | $Subject + had + V3 + Object$ | He had written. |
| 8. Past Perfect Continuous | Past | $Subject + had + been + V4 (ing) + ...$ | He had been writing. |
| 9. Simple Future | Future | $Subject + will/shall + V1 + Object$ | He will write. |
| 10. Future Continuous | Future | $Subject + will/shall + be + V4 (ing) + ...$ | He will be writing. |
| 11. Future Perfect | Future | $Subject + will/shall + have + V3 + ...$ | He will have written. |
| 12. Future Perfect Continuous | Future | $Subject + will/shall + have + been + V4(ing)..$. | He will have been writing. |
पॉइंट ३: एकत्रित सराव वाक्य (सर्व काळ, सर्वनामे आणि सहाय्यक क्रियापदे)
A. एका क्रियापदाची (To Speak) १२ काळातील रूपे (Subject: He)
Simple Present: He speaks English.
Present Continuous: He is speaking English.
Present Perfect: He has spoken English.
Present Perfect Continuous: He has been speaking English for 10 minutes.
Simple Past: He spoke English.
Past Continuous: He was speaking English.
Past Perfect: He had spoken English.
Past Perfect Continuous: He had been speaking English when I entered.
Simple Future: He will speak English.
Future Continuous: He will be speaking English.
Future Perfect: He will have spoken English.
Future Perfect Continuous: He will have been speaking English for an hour.
B. सर्वनामांनुसार बदलणारे महत्त्वाचे काळ (Pronoun Variations)
Simple Present Tense (V1 or V1+s/es)
I go to school.
We go to school.
You go to school.
He goes to school.
She goes to school.
It goes fast.
They go to school.
Present Continuous Tense (am/is/are)
I am reading.
We are reading.
You are reading.
He is reading.
She is reading.
It is raining.
They are reading.
Present Perfect Tense (has/have)
I have finished the work.
We have finished the work.
You have finished the work.
He has finished the work.
She has finished the work.
It has stopped.
They have finished the work.
Past Continuous Tense (was/were)
I was sleeping.
We were sleeping.
You were sleeping.
He was sleeping.
She was sleeping.
It was working.
They were sleeping.
C. सहाय्यक क्रियापदांचा वापर (प्रश्न व नकार)
Do/Does (Simple Present)
He does not play.
Does he play?
They do not play.
Do they play?
Did (Simple Past)
She did not come. (Not: didn't came)
Did she come? (Not: Did she came)
Has/Have (Present Perfect)
He has not paid the bill.
Have you paid the bill?
Had (Past Perfect)
The train had not left.
Had the train left?
Am/Is/Are (Present Continuous)
I am not going.
Is she coming?
They are not waiting.
Was/Were (Past Continuous)
It was not raining.
Were you listening?
Will (Future)
We will not (won't) be late.
Will you help me?
